15
17
   
  (COOH-CH2-COOH):

#7  
 
   
   
  
     
      





56

     
  :

#7  
 
   
   
  
     
      





17

 ,     
  ,     ?

#5  
    
    
   
    







23

 ,      
  NaCl      CuSO4?

#5  
    
    
   
    







4

 ,     ,
   ?

#5  
    
    
   
    







1

 ,      
   60  ?


#5  
    
    
   
    






2

 ,      
    45  ?

#5  
    
    
   
    







5

 ,       ,
    ?

#5  
    
    
   
    







1

  ,         
 :

#7  ,    
 
   pH 
    
      
 
  





14

  ,  
         :

#7  ,    
 
   pH 
    
      
 
  





23567

      
 ?

#8 
 = 1 
pH = 7
  = 1 
  = 1 /
  = 1 
  = 1 
 - 




12

      
 ?

#7
  
     25 p 
   








1567

      :

   -       ,   
       ,  1   37 ࠤ 
   -       , 
   -      -    
         

            ?
#6   
   
  
 
   
    
3

 ,  
 :

#8
p 
      = p 
   
    1 
     
       
    




124

     -
.         
  ?
                            (  )

#8    
    
 -  
  -  
  .  
   
   --
     


23


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